Negative i-Adjectives
The thing that I want to teach the most in these foundation-building lessons is something that, quite frankly, you'd probably be better off learning out in the wild: The use of context in Japanese.
Perhaps you've heard someone comment that non-native speakers of Japanese tend to include the subjects of their sentences too often.
Usually this is attributed to the fact that the speaker's native language includes the subjects in sentences more often than in Japanese.
I think that's completely valid. But at the same time, saying something like "Leave out the subjects more often" doesn't really help much because you can only leave out the subject (or any other element of a sentence) when it is understood from context.
But the ability to (1) pick up on what information is already clear from context, then (2) drop the correct word(s) from your spoken sentence accordingly comes with practice.
We've seen several examples of this already. In them, you may have noticed that we use i-adjectives quite a bit. That's because they're one of my favorite tools for creating compact, context-packed sentences.
As we continue to explore adjectives, we'll see that i-adjectives have a lot in common with verbs. This is because, with the exception of です in formal sentences, i-adjectives do not require a copula (i.e. you don't need to put だ) after them. If that sounds confusing, don't worry about it; it's something you'll probably pick up naturally (I did, at least).
I was riding on the train once in Japan.
If I recall correctly, I was riding the Narita Express from central Tokyo out to the Narita Airport.
In the row ahead of me, a woman was sitting with her young son. I'm guessing he was 3 or 4 years old (though I'm not too good with little kids' ages ^^).
The little boy would point at things outside the window and say すごい!
Then his mother would respond with すごい!
すごい means something along the lines of "amazing," and you can say it anytime that something impresses you a great deal.
Now, I doubt that 3-year-old boy was thinking about the words he was dropping from his sentence. "(That building is) すごい!" or whatever. He might not have even known the words for "that building." So maybe we don't always have to know those words either.
I'm writing this lesson at 6 a.m. on a Thursday morning.
Consequently, I feel like I have all the time in the world to talk about Japanese and grammar and memories.
Actually, though, the purpose of this lesson is to teach how to construct the negative forms of i-adjectives.
So maybe we should get started on that...
Negative i-Adjectives
Putting an i-adjective into its negative form is relatively simple:
Drop い, add くない.
For example, we already saw that すごい means "amazing."
So "not amazing" would be...
すごい (amazing)
→ すごくない (not amazing)
Not too complicated, yeah?
Time to brush up on your i-adjectives.
You absolutely MUST know every single one of the following words:
忙しい(いそがしい // busy; hectic)
美味しい(おいしい // tasty; delicious; good)
寒い(さむい // cold [e.g. weather])
冷たい(つめたい // cold [to the touch])
熱い(あつい // hot [thing])
暑い(あつい // hot [weather])
辛い(からい // spicy)
辛い(つらい // hard; rough; painful)
面白い(おもしろい // interesting; fun; enjoyable)
恥ずかしい(はずかしい // embarrassed; ashamed)
素晴らしい(すばらしい // wonderful; splendid)
重い(おもい // heavy)
軽い(かるい // light [i.e. not heavy])
早い(はやい // early; quick)
速い(はやい // fast; quick)
遅い(おそい // slow; late)
眠い(ねむい // sleepy; drowsy)
大きい(おおきい // big; large)
小さい(ちいさい // small; little)
Fun notes for fellow language nerds:
Do you know the differences between the following sets of words?
暑い (あつい) VS 熱い (あつい)
速い (はやい) VS 早い (はやい)
速い refers to something that moves fast or quickly (e.g. Usain Bolt is 速い), whereas 早い refers to something that ends or takes place early or in a short amount of time.
熱い(あつい) and 暑い(あつい), are different, too.
When air (e.g. the weather, a classroom, etc.) is hot, you use 暑い.
When a touchable object is hot (e.g. takoyaki, a fry pan, etc.), you use 熱い.
We see a similar difference between 寒い (さむい // cold [e.g. weather]) and 冷たい (つめたい // cold [to the touch]). It's a bit easier in that case, though, since they're different words and not just different kanji.
Also note that when reading, the only way to tell the difference between 辛い (からい // spicy) and 辛い (つらい // rough; painful) is context! Agh!
By the way, if you're feeling stressed about these kanji-level differences and whatnot, take solace in the fact that Japanese kids have to study this stuff at school, too. Also, you don't necessarily need to learn all of this right this second.
If you've been reading that little tangent, perhaps you've forgotten how to construct the negative form of i-adjectives?
If so, no worries, because I have a plethora of examples for you:
忙しい(いそがしい // busy; hectic)
忙しくない(いそがしくない // not busy)
美味しい(おいしい // tasty; delicious; good)
美味しくない(おいしくない // not tasty)
寒い(さむい // cold [e.g. weather])
寒くない(さむくない // not cold)
熱い(あつい // hot [thing])
熱くない(あつくない // not hot)
暑い(あつい // hot [weather])
暑くない(あつくない // not hot)
辛い(からい // spicy)
辛くない(からくない // not spicy)
辛い(つらい // hard; rough; painful)
辛くない(つらくない // not rough; not painful)
面白い(おもしろい // interesting; fun; enjoyable)
面白くない(おもしろくない // not interesting; not funny)
恥ずかしい(はずかしい // embarrassed; ashamed)
恥ずかしくない(はずかしくない // not embarrassed)
素晴らしい(すばらしい // wonderful; splendid)
素晴らしくない(すばらしくない // not wonderful)
重い(おもい // heavy)
重くない(おもくない // not heavy)
軽い(かるい // light [i.e. not heavy])
軽くない(かるくない // not light)
早い(はやい // early; quick)
早くない(はやくない // not early; not quick)
速い(はやい // fast; quick)
速くない(はやくない // not fast)
遅い(おそい // slow; late)
遅くない(おそくない // not slow; not late)
眠い(ねむい // sleepy; drowsy)
眠くない(ねむくない // not sleepy)
大きい(おおきい // big; large)
大きくない(おおきくない // not big)
小さい(ちいさい // small; little)
小さくない(ちいさくない // not small)
Just for fun, let's imagine a situation in which one of the words above could occur in short, context-filled sentences...
You try to pick up a heavy suitcase in front of your crush, but it's surprisingly heavy, and you say:
A:
重い、これ!
おもい、 これ!
This is heavy!
Literally: "heavy, + this!"
Note: The order of words is less important in Japanese than in English, which is why it is OK to say either これ重い or 重いこれ.
Then your crush walks up and makes you look like a weakling by picking up the suitcase with one hand, saying:
B:
重くないよ。
おもくない よ。
It's not heavy.
Literally: "not heavy + よ."
You shamefully replay this scene in your mind for years to come.
We've seen this in other lessons, too, but note that we can make i-adjectives formal by adding です to them. This works for negative forms, too (and the past-tense of i-adjectives, which we'll cover a bit later):
忙しいです(いそがしい です // busy; hectic)
忙しくないです(いそがしくない です // not busy)
美味しいです(おいしい です // tasty; delicious; good)
美味しくないです(おいしくない です // not tasty; not delicious)
寒いです(さむい です // cold [e.g. weather])
寒くないです(さむくない です // not cold)
熱いです(あつい です // hot [thing])
熱くないです(あつくない です // not hot)
暑いです(あつい です // hot [weather])
暑くないです(あつくない です // not hot)
辛いです(からい です // spicy)
辛くないです(からくない です // not spicy)
辛いです(つらい です // hard; rough; painful)
辛くないです(つらくない です // not rough; not painful)
面白いです(おもしろい です // interesting; fun; enjoyable)
面白くないです(おもしろくない です // not interesting; not funny)
恥ずかしいです(はずかしい です // embarrassed; ashamed)
恥ずかしくないです(はずかしくない です // not embarrassed)
素晴らしいです(すばらしい です // wonderful; splendid)
素晴らしくないです(すばらしくない です // not wonderful)
重いです(おもい です // heavy)
重くないです(おもくない です // not heavy)
軽いです(かるい です // light [i.e. not heavy])
軽くないです(かるくない です // not light)
早いです(はやい です // early; quick)
早くないです(はやくない です // not early; not quick)
速いです(はやい です // fast; quick)
速くないです(はやくない です // not fast)
遅いです(おそい です // slow; late)
遅くないです(おそくない です // not late)
眠いです(ねむい です // sleepy; drowsy)
眠くないです(ねむくない です // not sleepy)
大きいです(おおきい です // big; large)
大きくないです(おおきくない です // not big)
小さいです(ちいさい です // small; little)
小さくないです(ちいさくない です // not small)
One last time, let's imagine a situation in which one of these words could occur.
You're from San Diego, and your boss asks you:
サンディエゴって寒い?
サンディエゴ って さむい?
Is San Diego cold?
Literally: "San Diego + って + cold?"
Note: This って is a lot like は. Let's not worry about it right now!
Your boss is speaking casually, but you respond with formal language (because he's your boss):
寒くないです。
さむくない です。
It's not cold.
Literally: "not cold + です."
If you're at a higher level of Japanese, then maybe you'd continue the conversation.
If you're still at a low level, though, then you should start sweating and nervously pray that this conversation will magically end in two seconds.
That's all for this one. If you skimmed over the lists of adjectives, maybe go back and make sure that you know all of them.
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